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Captive breeding programs of endangered fish species, such as the European   mudminnow Umbra krameri, are essential for population restoration. To improve   captive spawning and larvae rearing under controlled conditions, two   experiments were carried out. In the first, the spawning substrate preference   was tested in triplicate, where five different types of artificial surface   were provided for mudminnow pairs:(i)sand, (ii)artificial plants,   (iii)gravel, (iv)sand + artificial plants and(v)gravel + artificial plants.   All fish preferred the gravel + artificial plant combination, which indicates   that this type of surface could be the most appropriate for spawning in   captivity. In the second trial, three feeding protocols were tested in   triplicate under controlled conditions. In the first treatment fish were fed   exclusively with Artemia nauplii; in the second treatment fish were fed with   Artemiafor the first ten days then Artemia was gradually replaced with dry   feed; for the third group the transition period started after 5 days of   Artemia feeding. Although the survival rate of larvae could be maintained at   a high level in some of the feeding protocols, a strong decrease in the   growth rate was obvious in all diets containing dry food, which means that   live food is essential for the first three weeks of mudminnow larvae   rearing

archives of biological sciences

Ex situ protection of the European mudminnow (Umbra krameri Walbaum, 1792): Spawning substrate preference for larvae rearing under controlled conditions