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The overexpression of the algal glutamine synthetase (GS) gene DvGS1 in   Arabidopsis thaliana resulted in higher plant biomass and better growth   phenotype. The purpose of this study was to recognize the biological   mechanism for the growth improvement of DvGS1-transgenic Arabidopsis. A   series of molecular and biochemical investigations related to nitrogen and   carbon metabolism in the DvGS1-transgenic line was conducted. Analysis of   nitrogen use efficiency (NUE)-related gene transcription and enzymatic   activity revealed that the transcriptional level and enzymatic activity of   the genes encoding GS, glutamate synthase, glutamate dehydrogenase, alanine   aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase, were significantly   upregulated, especially from leaf tissues of the DvGS1-transgenic line under   two nitrate conditions. The DvGS1-transgenic line showed increased total   nitrogen content and decreased carbon: nitrogen ratio compared to wild-type   plants. Significant reduced concentrations of free nitrate, ammonium,   sucrose, glucose and starch, together with higher concentrations of total   amino acids, individual amino acids (glutamate, aspartate, asparagine,   methionine), soluble proteins and fructose in leaf tissues confirmed that the   DvGS1-transgenic line demonstrated a higher efficiency of nitrogen   assimilation, which subsequently affected carbon metabolism. These improved   metabolisms of nitrogen and carbon conferred the DvGS1-transgenic Arabidopsis   higher NUE, more biomass and better growth phenotype compared with the   wild-type plants

The better growth phenotype of DvGS1-transgenic arabidopsis thaliana is attributed to the improved efficiency of nitrogen assimilation