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Lead (Pb) is one of the most important toxic heavy metals that reduce plant   growth and development. Therefore, finding compounds that can alleviate the   toxic effects of Pb is necessary. Nitric oxide (NO) is a signaling molecule   that plays important roles in different physiological processes in plants,   such as the response to biotic and abiotic stresses. A pot experiment was   conducted to study the effects of exogenously applied NO on Pb stress   tolerance in cowpea. Seeds were soaked at various concentrations of sodium   nitroprusside (SNP; NO donor) (0, 0.5 and 1 mM) for 20 h, and then sown in   pots containing 0 or 200 mg kg-1 Pb (NO3)2. The obtained results showed that   Pb stress significantly reduced the chlorophyll value, relative water   content (RWC) and net photosynthetic rate, but increased lipid peroxidation,   proline content and superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), ascorbate   peroxidase (APX) and glutathione reductase (GR) activities. Nonetheless,   different levels of NO significantly lowered Pb toxicity by further   increasing SOD, CAT, APX and GR activities as well as proline accumulation.   NO pretreatment also raised the chlorophyll value, RWC and net   photosynthetic rate but reduced lipid peroxidation. Both NO levels (0.5 and   1 mM) were effective in Pb stress tolerance; however, 0.5 mM was more   effective. These results indicate that NO pretreatment plays an important   role in protecting cowpea plants against Pb toxicity by enhancing   antioxidant enzyme activities and proline accumulation

Pretreatment with nitric oxide reduces lead toxicity in cowpea (Vigna unguiculata [L.] walp.)