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Epipogium aphyllum is a rare European obligate mycoheterotrophic orchid   lacking chlorophyll. It has not been studied previously with respect to   pollination biology. We studied the association between the composition of   floral scent emission and its pollination systems. Field observation   indicates that the main pollinators of Epipogium aphyllum are representatives   of the genus Bombus (Hymenoptera), B. lucorum, B. hortorum, B. terrestris, B.   pascuorum and B. proteus, and the genus Apis (Hymenoptera) namely A.   mellifera. The main potential vector (observed to accidentally carry pollen),   is most likely Episyrphus balteatus (Diptera, Syrphidae). The chemical   composition of the floral extracts of 4 populations of Epipogium aphyllum Sw.   growing naturally in Poland and the Czech Republic was examined by gas   chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and high-performance   liquid chromatography coupled with diode-array detection and electrospray   ionization mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS) techniques. According to GC-MS   analysis, 9-tricosene, nonadecane, 1-nonadecene and nonacosane predominated   in the floral extracts. The studied samples were also characterized by   relatively high amounts of benzenoids, e.g. methyl cinnamate, which is known   as an attractant to the males of various orchid bees. LC-ESI-MS revealed the   presence of flavor compounds such as vanillin   (4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzaldehyde) and its derivative acetovanillone, together   with higher amounts of aliphatic and phenolic acids. Additionally, we   detected the presence of indole and morphine derivatives

The chemical composition of the floral extract of Epipogium aphyllum sw. (Orchidaceae): A clue for their pollination biology