First Record of the Southern Red-Backed Vole, <em>Clethrionomys gapperi</em>, in Newfoundland: Implications for the Endangered Newfoundland Marten, <em>Martes americana atrata</em>

We report on the first capture of the Southern Red-backed Vole ( Clethrionomys gapperi ), the eleventh non-native terrestrial mammal established on the island of Newfoundland over the last 150 years. Red-backed Voles may have been accidentally introduced by unknown sources in pulpwood imports or may have been deliberately introduced in an attempt to augment the depauperate small mammal fauna as a vigilante recovery effort for the endangered Newfoundland Marten ( Martes americana atrata ). We anticipate significant utilization of the Red-backed Vole as prey by both Newfoundland Marten and Red Fox ( Vulpes vulpes ) with associated demographic responses within and between these species. Red-backed Voles will likely change habitat utilization patterns for the endemic subspecies of Meadow Vole, Microtus pennsylvanicus terraenovae .