PAGES regional workshop in Japan

Figure 1: Nineteenth-century climate chronologies for southern Africa, including tree-ring based rainfall reconstructions for Zimbabwe (orange; bold line is a 10-a running mean; Therrell et al. 2006) and Karkloof (South Africa) (green; Hall, 1976), the speleothem record of regional hydrology from Cold Air Cave (South Africa) (blue; Holmgren et al., 1999) and document-derived rainfall reconstructions from the southern Kalahari Desert (Nash and Endfield, 2002a, 2008), Namaqualand (Kelso and Vogel, 2007), the Eastern and Southern Cape (Vogel, 1989) and Lesotho (Nash and Grab, 2010). Gaps in the documentary records are unclassified years. Widespread drought (green shading) occurred in 1820–21, 1825–27, 1834, 1860–62, 1874–75, 1880–83 and 1894–1896 (Kelso and Vogel, 2007), with an additional dry period from the earlyto mid-1840s affecting the Kalahari and Zimbabwe only (Nash and Endfield, 2002b; Therrell et al., 2006).