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Background  Daily diaries are extensively used for examining participants’ daily experience in behavioral and medical science. However, little attention is paid to whether participants recall their experiences within the time frames prescribed by the task.    Objective  This study aimed to describe survey respondents’ self-reported recall time frames and to evaluate the impact of different daily diary items on respondents’ reported affective states.    Methods  In this study, 577 participants completed a mood survey with one of the following 4 time frame instructions: (1)  today , (2)  since waking up today , (3)  during the last 24 hours , or (4)  in the last day . They were also asked to indicate the periods they considered when answering these items and to recall the instructional phrases associated with the items.    Results  Almost all participants in the  today  (141/146, 96.6%) and  since waking up today  (136/145, 93.8%) conditions reported using periods consistent with our expectations, whereas a lower proportion was observed in the  during the last 24 hours  (100/145, 69.0%) condition. A diverse range of responses was observed in the in the last day condition. Furthermore, the instructions influenced the levels of some self-reported affects, although exploratory analyses were not able to identify the mechanism underlying this finding.    Conclusions  Overall, these results indicate that  today  and  since waking up today  are the most effective instructional phrases for inquiring about daily experience and that investigators should use caution when using the other 2 instructional phrases.

Evaluating the Effect of Daily Diary Instructional Phrases on Respondents’ Recall Time Frames: Survey Experiment