Global 3-d modeling of atmospheric ozone in the free troposphere and the stratosphere with emphasis on midlatitude regions. Final report, July 1, 1994--June 30, 1997

The objective of this research is to use global chemical-transport models to study the chemical and dynamical processes that affect midlatitude stratospheric ozone and to quantify the budget of tropospheric ozone. Four models will be improved and used: (1) a new version of the two-dimensional chemical-radiative-dynamical model with microphysical process of sulfate aerosols and polar stratospheric clouds (PSCs), and heterogeneous conversions on the surfaces of sulfate aerosols and PSCs; (2) the stratospheric version of three-dimensional off-line chemical-transport model (STARS) with a relatively high horizontal resolution (2.8 degree in latitudes) with a microphysical formation of PSCs; (3) the tropospheric version of three-dimensional off-line chemical-transport model (MOZART) with details in the surface emissions and hydrocarbon reactions to estimate the tropospheric ozone budget and perturbations; (4) the intermediate model of the global and annual evolution of species (IMAGES) with a detailed chemical reactions but relatively lower resolutions. Model results will be compared with available data