Removal of individual sterols during secondary treatment of pulp mill effluents

Analysis of plant sterols in pulp mill effluents is complex and several investigations have combined wood extractives with sterols or have reported total sterols collectively. The present study exclusively focuses on the fate of individual sterols generated in pulp and paper manufacturing as they pass through activated sludge biotreatment system. Before secondary treatment the pulp mill effluents contained 33% s -sitosterol, 26% campesterol, 22% s -sitostanol, 17% stigmasterol and 2% ergosterol (1,000–1,800 μg/L mean total sterols). After treatment, the effluents contained 44% s -sitosterol, 22% campesterol, 18% s -sitostanol, 14% stigmasterol and 2% ergosterol (176–428 μg/L mean total sterols). Each sterol fraction showed different removal efficiency. s -Sitosterol, the major fraction, was removed relatively poorly (65%) while campesterol was removed most efficiently (81%) compared with the removal of other fractions ( s -sitostanol 74% and stigmasterol 64%). The differential removal of sterol fractions altered the sterol profile during different stages of the secondary treatment. Owing to its poor removal, s -sitosterol is the most persistent fraction in treated/untreated pulp mill effluents. Typically, 21% of the incoming sterols were contained in secondary effluents and 23% in waste sludge without biodegradation. Optimizing the design/operation of treatment systems for removal of s -sitosterol and stigmasterol would improve the performance of effluent treatment facilities.