Study on availability of groundwater resources in Selangor state of Malaysia for an efficient planning and management of water resources

Groundwater has become an important source of water to meet the increasing requirement for domestic, industrial, and agricultural needs. The study was formulated to assess the availability of groundwater resources in Selangor State, Malaysia. An integrated MIKE SHE and MIKE 11-based surface water–groundwater interaction model was developed to fulfill the study objectives. Model results illustrated that groundwater flows from the eastern part of the hilly region to the western part and ultimately discharges into the sea. The study also revealed that Sungai Langat, Sungai Klang, and Sungai Selangor receive water from groundwater and do not feed the groundwater. Approximate potential groundwater resources based on water balance study varies from 860–960 million liter per day (MLD), 630–690 MLD, 810–870 MLD to 630–690 MLD for Langat basin, Klang basin, Selangor basin, and Bernam basin, respectively. Impacts due to extreme dry condition showed that groundwater table declined about 0.5–3 m in most of the area. However, groundwater level for the major portion of Selangor State will drop to about 0–1 m for increased abstraction due to changed land-use pattern. Study findings may be used for a holistic and comprehensive management of groundwater resources for sustainable development in Selangor State, Malaysia.