Assessment of groundwater quality and human health risk associated with chromium exposure in the industrial area of Ranipet, Tamil Nadu, India

Rapid urbanization and industrialization leading to an increase in groundwater contamination is a serious environmental concern in India in recent years. The risk of groundwater contamination is highly pronounced in and around the Ranipet industrial area causing a threat to human health and a balanced ecosystem. In this study, 40 groundwater samples were collected in and around the industrial area of Ranipet which is largely producing chromium (Cr) and chromium-based chemicals. The heavy metal contamination and water quality index (WQI) were evaluated to determine groundwater quality and related human health risk assessment using the model proposed by the USEPA for adults. Based on the WQI range, it is found that more than 50% of groundwater samples are poor and non-potable. Also, the concentration of heavy metal chromium in the groundwater exceeded the acceptable limit, i.e., 0.05 mg/L. The human health risk assessment indicates that the chronic daily intake of groundwater for adults in the study area is in the order of Cr > Fe > Pb > Cd indicating chronic toxicity. It was also observed that the carcinogenic risk is higher than the acceptable limit (1 × 10−6) as a result of higher chromium intake via ingestion. The outcome of the present study will support the stakeholders in decision-making toward regional sustainable groundwater management.