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How the presence of biocrusts regulates runoff generation in the Mu Us Desert is not well known. Runoff experiments under natural and artificial rainfalls and numerical simulations were conducted in semiarid environments to evaluate the effects of biocrust type and rainfall characteristics on runoff. The experimental results showed that the water drop penetration time (WDPT) of the moss-dominated biocrusts was 68.7% higher than that of lichen-dominated biocrusts. Nevertheless, the saturated hydraulic conductivity (Ks) for moss-dominated biocrusts was 72.7% lower than that for the lichen-dominated biocrusts. Runoff yield for moss-dominated biocrusts was significantly higher than that for lichen-dominated biocrusts. Runoff yield was mainly explained by rainfall amount (or maximum 5-min rainfall intensity, I5max) (P &amp;lt; 0.001) and WDPT (P = 0.001). The influences of biocrust type, rainfall intensity, and their interaction on runoff coefficient were significant at the probability level of 0.01. The results of numerical simulations concluded that surface runoff was generated for lichen- and moss-dominated biocrusts when rainfall intensity reached 73.5 and 49 mm h–1, respectively. Runoff coefficient in the moss-covered soil increased obviously when rainfall intensity changed from 49 to 73.5 mm h–1. The results suggest that runoff could be changed substantially under increasing trends in rainfall intensity in the Mu Us Desert.

Effects of biocrusts and rainfall characteristics on runoff generation in the Mu Us Desert, northwest China