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The numerical modelling of circulations in shallow lakes is a relevant tool for all environmental applications in which flow advection processes are of interest, e.g. for studies on nutrients, microorganisms, pollutants and sediment dynamics. While 3D models are needed to properly describe the flow fields of basins with the main circulations in the vertical plane, 2D models are commonly deemed to yield adequate results for lakes with prevailing horizontal circulations. However, the depth-averaged approximation is more limiting for wind-driven flows than for gravity-driven flows, such as rivers, as the driving force is a surface rather than a volume one, distributed along the depth through turbulence. In this work, the effects of such inaccuracy on the reproduction of circulation layouts are evaluated through compared simulations between a 2D Shallow Water solver and a 3D Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes one. The models are first applied to a simple enclosed elliptical test basin and then to the real case of the Superior Lake of Mantua, a shallow fluvial lake in Northern Italy, thereby also investigating the influences of the interaction of wind with a riverine current and of a complex bathymetry on the compared results.

Modelling flows in shallow (fluvial) lakes with prevailing circulations in the horizontal plane: limits of 2D compared to 3D models