Green Fluorescent Protein Expressed in Living Mosquitoes—Without the Requirement of Transformation

Mosquitoes transmit viruses, protozoa and nematodes that are major causes of morbidity and mortality in humans. Details of arthropod anatomy and development, and the replication and development of pathogens in the arthropod vector, have relied upon examination of dissected or histologically processed material. We constructed a double-subgenomic Sindbis (dsSIN) virus expressing green fluorescent protein to demonstrate the potential of this protein for studying pathogen development in living arthropods. We were able to observe dissemination of virus, and furthermore, it was possible to observe components of the nervous system of mosquito larvae in extraordinary detail and record this on video tape. Although green fluorescent protein has been used as a reporter gene in a number of organisms, expression has relied upon transformation of cells or embryos. Transformation technology has limited applicability, thus we have described an alternative system that, due to the broad host range and viral tropisms of dsSIN viruses, may be useful to scientists in a range of disciplines. Green fluorescent protein may also provide a non-lethal selection method for use in transgenic arthropod research.