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Microplate array diagonal gel electrophoresis (MADGE) is a highthroughput electrophoresis system that enables the simultaneous assay of many samples for known mutations (1,2). Problems noted often in electrophoresis include the distortion of the bands into dumbbell shapes sometimes with streaking or skiing down the sides of the gel track (Reference 5 and Figure 1). Uneven heating of the gel can result in the distortion of the bands. Direct thermal control or low run voltage prevents this problem, which is caused by amperometric heating, but in our experience, this has not resolved the dumbbelling of the bands. Insertion or deletion polymorphism can be detected in acrylamide-derived gels through the formation of heteroduplexes, which have a considerably lower mobility in the gel when compared with homoduplexes (3). Heteroduplex generation by post-PCR annealing allows immediate genotyping by electrophoresis without further intervening steps. However, distortion of the bands together with the skiing effect can compromise the resolution of heteroduplexes and homoduplexes with a consequent risk of miscalling of genotypes (Figure 1). The fragments were visualized using Image Quant 5.0 on Fluorimager 595 (Molecular Dynamics, Sunnyvale, CA, USA) after an initial Vistra Green nucleic acid stain (Amersham Life Science, Buckinghamshire, England) after the staining of the gels (20 min) according to the manufacturer’s instructions. The idea of examining a delayed start electrophoresis came from the observation that, when using an 8-channel pipet for loading MADGE gels, the distortion of the bands was more severe in the last set loaded with little to no distortion in the first set. The samples at the top of the gel have a 5 min delay in the start of electrophoresis, time that must allow considerable ionic diffusion through the walls of the wells (noticeable from marker dye diffusion), thus reducing the sample to gel ionic imbalance. We assumed this to be the factor responsible for the dumbbell effects. The solutions we considered for this type of problem were the time course for sample ions to gel diffusional exchange, changing the constitution of the gel and changing the sample composition before or after PCR. Of all the possibilities tested, one provided a quick and efficient solution to the problem. A 5–10 min delay in the start of electrophoresis was sufficient to allow optimal resolution of the bands without any loss of product (Figure 2). Changing the ionic composition strength of the loaded sample to match that of the gel was also examined (Figures 1 and 2). As the conditions for each PCR are optimized for PCR yield, changing the sample composition would preferably take place after rather than before PCR. Before loading onto the gel, the sample is mixed with the formamide dye mixture: 98% deionized formamide, 10 mM EDTA pH 8.0, 0.025% (wt/vol) xylene cyanole FF, 0.02% (wt/vol) bromophenol blue (4). Several ratio combinations of the dye mixture with 10× TAE (where TAE gels were used) were tested (no TAE [Figure 1], 0.9× TAE, 1.8× TAE, 3.6× TAE final concentration in sample loaded [Figure 2]). TAE supplementation within a broad range, 0.9–3.6 TAE, was relevant. A combination of PCR product, dye mixture and 10× TAE in the ratio of 5/1.5/1.5 (vol/vol/vol) was successful; 5 μL were loaded per MADGE well (2 × 2 × 2 mm wells have 8 μL maximum volume). The PCR contained: 50 mM KCl, 10 mM Tris pH 8.3, 0.001% (wt/vol) gelatin, 0.2 mM each dNTP, 0.2 mM of each PCR primer, 1 mM MgCl2, Taq DNA polymerase (0.2 U/10 μL). TAE buffer (10×) contains Tris-base 0.399 M, sodium acetate (0.8 M), 3 H2O (0.8 M), EDTA-Na22H2O (40 mM) and acetic acid to pH 7.2. The loaded sample was then reasonably matched to the gel so that equilibration time was reduced. In effect, the 5 μL sample undergoes a dialysis through four 2 mm square walls of the cubic well (and to the overlying buffer, if set up Benchmarks

Elimination of Dumbbell Bands and Enhancement of Resolution in MADGE Using Delayed Start Electrophoresis