Risk Neutral Option Pricing with Neither Dynamic Hedging Nor Complete Markets: A Measure-Theoretic Proof

Proof that under simple assumptions, such as constraints of Put-Call Parity, the probability measure for the valuation of a European option has the mean derived from the forward price which can, but does not have to be the risk-neutral one, under any general probability distribution, bypassing the Black-Scholes-Merton dynamic hedging argument, and without the requirement of complete markets. We confirm that the heuristics used by traders for centuries are both more robust, more consistent, and more rigorous than held in the economics literature.u0000