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Biogeochemical processes are of tremendous importance for determining the fate of many organic and inorganic compounds in the subsurface. Most global elemental cycles involve biogeochemical transformation, and the recycling of carbon and nutrients relies almost exclusively on biogeochemical processes. In particular, the majority of natural organic compounds are biogeochemically reactive, but also a large number of anthropogenic organic carbon compounds can be biogeochemically transformed, for instance, during the biodegradation of organic contaminants. Furthermore, inorganic compounds such as e.g., many nitrogen, phosphorus or sulfur compounds, metal compounds or minerals are directly or indirectly affected by biogeochemical reactions. To which extent and at which conditions a biogeochemical reaction takes place depends not only on the properties of the involved chemical reactants and products but also on the behavior of the microbial community (or communities) catalyzing the biogeochemical transformation. Porous media—in particular natural porous media—are complex and often heterogeneous structures, which imposes severe challenges in determining the exact physical, chemical and ecological conditions the microbial community is exposed to and to which extent it is able to provide any ecosystem service, such as the catalysis of a biogeochemical reaction.

Microbial Controls on the Biogeochemical Dynamics in the Subsurface