Development of Daphnia Magna Under Exposure to Ampicillin

In the last decades, there have been increasing concerns on the negative effects of pharmaceutical products to wildlife because they can include complex compounds which are toxic to aquatic organisms even at low concentrations [1, 13]. Antibiotics are among the most common pharmaceutical products which are most used in aquaculture and hospitals which can be transported directly into surface water or accumulate in the sediment [7, 18, 29]. Xu et al. (2007) has found that the concentration of some antibiotics in surface water of Victoria Harbor (Hong Kong) and the Pearl River (Guangzhou) were varied from 3.3 to 460 460 μg/L depending on location and season. While Khan et al. (2013) detected several antibiotics, such as oxytetracycline, trimethoprim, and sulfamethoxazolein in downstream of Indus River (Pakistan) with concentrations of 1100, 1700 and 2700 ng/L, respectively. According to Hussain et al. (2016), antibiotics from wastewater could accumulate in soil and plants, and percolate to groundwater. García-Galán et al. (2010) found a large variation on concentrations of sulfonamides class in groundwater at Catalonia, Spain, from 0.01–3460 ng/L. Whereas, Javid et al. (2016) found concentrations of Tetracycline from 5.4 to 8.1 ng/L in groundwater in Varamin Plain and Yaftabad, Iran. In Vietnam, there have been around 138 antibiotics used in aquaculture, of which 32 antibiotics were used for shrimp culture and 39 for shrimp larvae rearing [14]. Pham et al. (2015) found some antibiotics such as DEVELOPMENT OF DAPHNIA MAGNA UNDER EXPOSURE TO AMPICILLIN