Classic Palace Architecture of the Eastern Podillia in Ukraine: Historical Background and Key Factors

K e y w o r d s : Palace; Ensemble; Classicism; Factors of influence; Architectural features; Podillia; Period; Backgrounds. 3/2018 A R C H I T E C T U R E C I V I L E N G I N E E R I N G E N V I R O N M E N T 13 A R C H I T E C T U R E C I V I L E N G I N E E R I N G E N V I R O N M E N T The Si les ian Univers i ty of Technology No. 3/2018 d o i : 1 0 . 2 1 3 0 7 / A C E E 2 0 1 8 0 3 4 O . K h o r o s h a , V . S m o l i a k Political changes led to the changes in the territorial distribution of Vinnytsia, in the social structure of the region, in the social structure of the population and, in accordance with changes in architecture in general, the palace architecture in the Eastern Podillya got changes as well. Territorial boundaries covered the modern administrative division of the land of Vinnytsia region as part of Ukraine. In the historical context, these were the lands of the Bratslav Voivodship (during the PolishLithuanian Commonwealth) and the Podolsk province and partly the Kyiv province (during the Russian Empire). The timeframe for the study begins at the end of the 18th century and continues until the beginning of the 20th century. From the end of the 18th to the middle of the 19th century it was the period of the emerging of the first manifestations of classicism, the rise and fall of the style features in palace architecture, and also from the end of the 19th to the beginning of the 20th century, it was the period of return to the classical style features (in the period of architecture of historicism ) here the stylistics of neoclassicism manifested itself in the architecture of individual palaces in the Vinnytsia region. To highlight the objectives, the article developed a methodological sequence of research which consists of the following stages: in the first stage, it has been selected the objects of research, formulated the goal and determined its boundaries; at the second stage, the historical analysis of the formation of the classicism style at the world level has been made and its influence on the formation of the palace complexes of the Eastern Podillia has been traced; at the third stage, using the structural analysis of archival, iconographic, cartographic materials and the systematization of primary sources, it has been established the main sociohistorical factors that influenced the development and growth of classic palaces in the region. In this paper, all the objects of the classic palace architecture in Vinnytsia region are taken into consideration, namely 19 palace complexes. After all, they started the construction of palace ensembles in the region. According to the quantitative ratio, the palaces of classical style were the most significant part among the palace complexes of other stylistic directions built in Vinnytsia region (39% of them belong to the classical style estates from all estates in the region). This tendency of the development of the classic palace architecture was also observed in Volynsk [13] Kyiv [14] and Galytsk [15] regions of Ukraine. Having analyzed the source base for the palace architecture of the Eastern Podillia, the conclusion can be made that the information is characterized by selectivity in the context of the palace architecture of Ukraine: individual estates are mentioned in various publications, most often it is the group of the most known objects, the information is more descriptive. The principles of the formation and development of classicism in the architecture of the Vinnytsia palaces remain to be discovered; the factors that influenced the volumetric organization of the classic estate haven’t been determined; any scientific work hasn’t been issued on the study of architectural and stylistic orientation, the history of construction and development of palaces of the classic style in the Eastern Podillia. 2. FORMATION OF CLASSIC PALACE ARCHITECTURE OF THE EASTERN PODILLIA 2.1. Historical background and peculiarities of the formation of classicism in Europe and in the PolishLithuanian Commonwealth Architecture in European countries in the second half of the 18th century was characterized by the development of a style that in international terminology is called “classicism”, the scope and grandeur of which actively spread to neighboring states. This style, based on the ideals of the ancient classics art, is characterized by majestic simplicity, the absence of unnecessary details, rigor, and laconicism. The key element of style is the order [2]. During this period, the main tendencies of the sociocultural development of Western Europe in different countries manifested themselves in different ways. However, on the whole, a broad social movement, the Enlightenment, was formed in the sphere of the culture of the 18th century. New tasks were put forward in architecture, in search of an exquisitely simple, renewed and freed from unprofitable imposition. It formed a specific type of private residential house, manor, and ensemble of buildings. There was a fruitful interaction and mutual enrichment of various types of art – architecture, sculpture, painting, literature, theater, etc. Classicism also arose here as the antithesis of baroque with its splendor, richness of decor and restless, as if slippery lines. As an architectural style, classicism was formed in France in the 17th century, but as a common European phenomenon, it became in 14 A R C H I T E C T U R E C I V I L E N G I N E E R I N G E N V I R O N M E N T 3/2018 CLASSIC PALACE ARCHITECTURE OF THE EASTERN PODILLIA IN UKRAINE: HISTORICAL BACKGROUND AND KEY FACTORS the 18–19th centuries. The ideas of the beauty in this style underlined in the ideals of A. Palladio, the antiquity served as a historical reference point [13]. The architecture of classicism as a whole was inherent in the correct geometric forms, symmetry of space-planning decisions, regular and rhythmic division of the facade, balanced compositions, emphatically static and organized into logically arranged ensembles. These principles were applied to garden and park art. French classicism developed the so-called “ordinary park”, in which the strictly arranged flower beds and lawns formed symmetrical patterns that were clearly ordered in comparison with natural objects. English classicism developed the so-called English park, or a landscape park [14]. It becomes an ideal setting for a classic palace ensemble. The architecture in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth in the second half of the 18th century was also formed under the influence of the classic principles, which acquired its certain rise under the reign of King Stanislaus Augustus Poniatowski. In the seventies of the 18th century it was formed a type of a manor and a palace with a characteristic antique portico, modelled, as already mentioned, in the architecture of A. Palladio. The palaces and manors were surrounded by gardens (parks), created in the spirit of sentimentality and romanticism and often associated with the surrounding landscape. The estates of the Polish landowners were raised under the influence of the classic principles during the reign of the King Stanislaw August Poniatowski [1]. Despite the significant number of Italian architects (D. Merlini, J. Fontana, and others) working in the PolishLithuanian Commonwealth, the construction of the second half of the 18th century was focused on the architecture of France [4]. Large Polish magnates such as Chartorizky, Branicki, and others maintained cultural ties with France and brought from Paris not only furniture, textiles, art crafts, but also architectural projects [4]. King Stanislaw August Poniatowski, even before his reign, commissioned the French architect Kushcha the palace project in the forms of classicism. In 1764 the French architect V. Louis drafted a reconstruction of the Warsaw Castle. Later, the reconstruction of the castle was conducted under the guidance of the architect J. Fontana, and then the court architect D. Merlini, who partially rebuilt the Ujazdowski Castle (1766–1771) and built the Palace on the water the White House and others in Lazienki [20] Thus, in the Polish architecture in the second half of the 18th century, a circle of classicistic phenomena was formed, which was called “the style of King Stanislaw August”. It should also be noted that already in the Kingdom of Poland at the beginning of the 19th century classicism also acquired development with young architects such as Y. Kubinsky, S. Zavadsky and so on [14]. 2.2. Historical background of the formation of classicism in Ukraine and of classic palace ensembles in the Eastern Podillia. The architecture in Ukraine at the end of the 18th century was also changed with the period of the domination of forms of classicism, which came from the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, under the rule of which were the right-bank Ukrainian lands of the Russian Empire, under the authority of which were the left-bank Ukrainian lands. Right-bank Ukraine focused on the European version of classicism, which was characterized by monumentality, scale, Palladian motifs, a certain diversity, while in left-bank Ukraine was established a Russian version of this style. It was marked by stereotyped ness, uniformity, dryness, and inexpressiveness of forms. It was due to a comprehensive interference of the authorities in architecture, which manifested itself in drawing up so-called “exemplary” projects for residential, educational and church buildings [17]. In the late 18th – first half of the 19th century, this style also dominated in the construction of Ukrainian cities. A specific feature of the Eastern Podillia within the framework of this article is the entry of this region at different stages of historical development into the composition of different states – the PolishLithuanian Commonwealth and the Russian Empire that left its imprint on the character of the palace architecture in the period under study. Also, the development of manor and park ensembles of