Graphical Tools for Linear Structural Equation Modeling

: This paper surveys graphical tools developed in the past three decades that are applicable to linear structural equation models (SEMs). These tools permit researchers to answer key research questions by simple path-tracing rules, even for highly complex models. They include parameter identification, causal effect identification, regressor selection, selecting instrumental variables, finding testable implications of a given model, identifying equivalent models and estimating counterfactual relationships.