The accuracy of cone-beam computed tomography and augmented fluoroscopy-guided bronchoscopic marking of multiple small-sized pulmonary nodules in a hybrid operating room: a retrospective cohort study

For the minimally invasive excision of small-sized pulmonary nodules, bronchoscopic markings are increasingly being performed owing to advancements in video-assisted thoracic surgery (VATS). Hybrid operating room equipment is utilized for bronchoscopic VATS markings. We aimed to compare the marking accuracy between bronchoscopic VATS and other marking techniques such as computed tomography-guided percutaneous marking and conventional X-ray fluoroscopy-guided bronchoscopic marking.