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Axillary lymph node metastasis is a rare event in thyroid carcinoma. The simultaneous expression of carbohydrate antigens 19-9 (CA 19-9) and 242 (CA 242) in thyroid tumors is also extremely rare. Herein, we report a case of axillary lymph node metastasis with elevated serum CA 19-9 and CA 242 in papillary thyroid carcinoma. In a 47-year-old woman with thyroid carcinoma, masses developed in the neck and axilla over a two-month period, which were surgically treated using total thyroidectomy, with neck and axillary lymph node dissection. Histopathological examination confirmed a diffuse sclerosing variant-papillary thyroid carcinoma, with 52 of 63 axillary lymph node metastases. Notably, serum CA 19-9 and CA 242 levels decreased from the initial values of 1,110 and 50 kU/L, respectively, to normal levels one month postoperatively and have remained stable for two years since. The aggressive biological behavior of diffuse sclerosing variant-papillary thyroid carcinoma and the abnormal anatomical distortion caused by tumors in this case most likely reflect the mechanisms underlying retrograde dissemination in lymphatic tubes. However, the mechanism leading to a simultaneous elevation of CA 19-9 and CA 242 secreted by the diffuse sclerosing variant-papillary thyroid carcinoma has not been elucidated. The patient has survived for two years suggesting that timely surgery can help such patients achieve a better prognosis.

Axillary lymph node metastasis from papillary thyroid carcinoma with elevated CA 19-9 and CA 242 levels: a case report and literature review