Preface: strategies to achieve long-term success of lung transplantation

Lung transplantation is now an established therapy used in patients suffering from respiratory failure. More than 4,000 lung transplants are reportedly performed every year worldwide (1), but achieving long-term success remains a major obstacle in the field. According to the registry data of the International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation the median survival after lung transplantation increased from 4.7 years to 6.7 years in the last two decades (1). Although patient survival has improved over the years, most of the difference in survival is derived from the early post-transplant period. Long-term survival curves in different eras are almost parallel (1). This suggests that there have not been substantial improvements in long-term patient management, although there are many new concepts emerging in the field. To produce this series of Annals of Translational Medicine titled “Strategies to achieve long-term success of lung transplantation”, world experts in the field have generated comprehensive review articles in each specific area. The long-term success of lung transplantation depends primarily on appropriate patient selection, and Ainge-Allen and Granville have summarized all the important aspects of recipient selection in lung transplantation. Immunosuppression strategies play critical roles in protecting transplanted lungs from alloimmune responses after lung transplantation, and Chung and Dilling have contributed an updated appraisal of immunosuppression strategies. Surveillance and treatment of acute cellular rejection are critical components of maintenance, and this is discussed by Greer. Bery and Hachem provide insight into the role of antibody-mediated rejection, which has garnered increased attention recently, and related observations pertaining to immunosuppression increasing the risk of infection are also considered. Prophylaxis and management of bacterial, mycobacterial, and fungal infection in the context of lung transplantation are reviewed by various experts. Increased malignancy and its management are important aspects of post-lung transplantation in patients who subsequently undergo life-long immunosuppression, and this issue is reviewed by Shtraichman and Ahya. Importantly, alloantigen-independent injuries such as primary graft dysfunction and aspiration as well as infection activate innate immunity, which in turn provokes adaptive immune responses. Kawashima and Juvet have summarized the role of innate immunity after lung transplantation. Last but not least, chronic lung allograft dysfunction (CLAD) is a common final pathway of graft failure in the long term. Kotecha et al. have contributed an updated review of this important issue. Sato has summarized hypotheses that explain different phenotypes of CLAD, bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome, and restrictive allograft syndrome. We also included an original technical article on orthotopic rat lung transplantation, emphasizing the importance of basic research in the field. As guest editors of this series, we felt it was a tremendous opportunity to revisit the multiple complex issues surrounding lung transplantation via a collection of review articles undertaken by world experts. In general, lung transplant recipients undergo more intensive immunosuppression than patents who receive other organs. This is because transplanted lung allografts are more vulnerable to various types of immune attack associated with innate and adaptive immunity. Notably however, intensive immunosuppression corresponds with increased susceptibility to various types of infection and malignancy. Lastly, multifactorial damage to allografted lungs ultimately drives their functional and mechanical deterioration, in the phenomenon now known as CLAD. Lung transplant recipients are destined to walk a tightrope with respect to the inevitable subtleties involved in balancing the risk of rejection with the risk of infection and other immunosuppression-related complications (Figure 1A). An important consideration in this regard is that alloimmune responses and infections or other alloantigen-independent graft injuries are not truly counter-directed, but rather their vector addition is directed toward graft failure or CLAD (Figure 1B). True immunological tolerance has not yet been achieved in lung transplantation, and there is no “ace in the hole” for achieving long-term success in the field. Current best practice incorporates meticulous control of details, and if there is an emerging source of potential graft dysfunction, counteracting it while its magnitude remains small. This series of Annals of Translational Medicine is intended to cover the diverse array of potential sources of long-term lung allograft dysfunction and/or death. It is also aimed at encouraging lung transplant physicians to react promptly to ominous signs of events associated with lung allograft failure. Meticulous attitudes to patient care minimize the magnitude of such events, helping the graft to remain stable or “silent” in the long term. We believe such proactive patient management to maintain a silent graft is the ultimate key 406