Haemorrhagic shock secondary to a diffuse ulcerative enteritis after Ipilimumab and Nivolumab treatment for metastatic melanoma: a case report

We provide a unique case of haemorrhagic shock complicating a corticosteroid-resistant diffuse ulcerative enteritis in a patient treated with a combination of an anti cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen-4 (CTLA4) and an anti programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) for metastatic melanoma. Immunotherapy has changed the perspective for the management of patients with metastatic melanoma but are also responsible for digestive complications mainly represented by immunomediated colitis. Digestive bleeding is common in patients with extensive colonic lesions but has never been described in enteritis independent of colitis. The patient with acute intestinal obstruction related ileitis without evidence of stricture on imaging and then had a gastro-intestinal bleed. In the absence of haemorrhagic lesions on upper gastrointestinal endoscopy, colonoscopy and computed tomography (CT) angiography, a surgical exploration with enteroscopy was performed. This revealed an extensive ulcerated jejunoileitis, with active bleeding, within a Meckel's diverticulum. Management included resection of the Meckel diverticulum with a transient double barrel ileostomy. Two infliximab infusions were given due to persistent bleeding. We observed a dramatic improvement after infliximab treatment with complete cessation of bleeding and no further need for transfusions. A complete mucosal healing has been achieved on enteroscopy at 3 months with disappearance of histological inflammatory lesions. This observation suggests that infliximab represents a therapeutic option in severe enteritis and may be as effective as in more moderate immune-mediated enterocolitis.