Estimation of individual biological age in individual in forensic medicine (review)

The authors review the current state of diagnosis in the vital and postmortem estimation of biological age on the basis of morphological variability of osseous and chondral structures of the body, teeth, nails and skin. Despite nearly a century of research in the age estimation of corpses and live individuals, certain aspects remain to receive proper acknowledgment. Macroscopic methods for the morphological assessment of external characters do not provide for a sufficient precision and vary in the age estimation bias. This circumstance highlights the importance of developing novel approaches and extending the toolkit of forensic medicine to improve the deterministic power of establishing the human biological age.