DNA methylomic homogeneity and heterogeneity in muscles and testes throughout pig adulthood

DNA methylome pattern is significantly different among tissues, ages, breeds, and genders. We assessed 20 methylome and transcriptome data in longissimus dorsi (LD) or testicles from Bamaxiang (BMX) and Large White pigs (LW) by deep sequencing technology. We identified ~55.7M CpGs and 5.30M, 0.20M, 1.20M, and 0.16M differential CpGs ( P <0.01) between tissues, ages, breeds, and genders, respectively. Interestingly, 7.54% of differentially methylated regions (DMRs) are co-localized with promoters, which potentially regulate gene expression. RNA-seq analysis revealed that 23.42% CpGs are significantly correlated with gene expression (mean |r|=0.58, P <0.01), most of which are enriched in tissue-specific functions. Specially, we also found that the methylation levels in promoters of 655 genes were strongly associated with their expression levels (mean |r|=0.66, P <0.01). In addition, differentially methylated CpGs (DMCpGs) between breeds in HOXC gene cluster imply important regulatory roles in myocytes hypertrophy and intermuscular fat (IMF) deposition. Dramatically, higher similarity of methylation pattern was observed within pedigree than across pedigrees, which indicates the existence of heritable methylation regions. In summary, a part of CpGs in promoter can change its methylation pattern and play a marked regulatory function in different physiological or natural environments.