A preclinical model for phenogroup 3 HFpEF

is a heterogeneous syndrome seen in a predominantly elderly population, with multiple comorbidities including but not limited to: hypertension (systemic and pulmonary), chronic kidney disease (CKD), obesity, diabetes mellitus (DM) and coronary artery disease. Due to this intricate pathophysiology, definitive preclinical models are lacking and conventional HF therapeutic regimens fail in definitively treating HFpEF. This conundrum creates the need to classify individual patients into groups with certain cardiac and extracardiac abnormalities to successfully address HFpEF phenotypic diversity. To this end, Shah et al. [1] proposed three HFpEF phenogroups based on clinical variables, physical characteristics, laboratory data, ECG parameters, and echocardiographic parameters. Phenogroup 1 comprises of patients with moderate diastolic dysfunction. Phenogroup 2 represents obese, diabetic patients with a high prevalence of obstructive sleep apnea and the highest degree of left ventricular relaxation impairment. Phenogroup 3 includes older patients with CKD, myocardial remodeling, arrhythmia, pulmonary hypertension (PH), and right ventricular (RV) dysfunction [1]. Editorial