English (United Kingdom)

https://curated-unify.zendy.io/wp-json/zendy-region/v1/featured_content/oa?rat=en

https://curated-unify.zendy.io/wp-json/zendy-region/v1/highlighted_journal/

Global: Zendy Plus annual

Presents the access of premium content as premium feature

Premium Content

Presents the keyphrase highlighting as premium feature

Keyphrase Highlighting

Presents the summarisation as premium feature

Summarisation

Insights

Presents the pdf analysis as premium feature

PDF Analysis

Presents the zaia usage as premium feature

ZAIA

Global: Zendy Tools annual

Global: Zendy Free Plan

Global: Zendy Tools monthly

Global: Zendy Plus monthly

. Antimicrobial resistance is a very serious public health threat worldwide. The main cause of antimicrobial resistance is irrational use of antimicrobial drugs. The goal of the article is to analyze data on outpatient antibiotic consumption in the Republic of Srpska during the period from 2009 to 2014, to present outpatient consumption of the fi rst six antibiotics (the fi fth level of the ATC classifi cation), and, fi nally, to compare the antibiotic use in Republic of Srpska in relation to the antibiotic use in European Union countries. Materials and Methods. Collection and analysis of data on drug consumption is done using ATC/DDD methodology, established by the WHO. Data are taken from the report on drug consumption and distribution in the Republic of Srpska during the period from 2009 to 2014, which are based on submitted data from pharmacies registered in the Republic of Srpska. Results. Results on outpatient antibiotic consumption in the Republic of Srpska, during the period from 2009 to 2014, indicate a total decrease by 3.41 DDDs/1000 inhabitants/day, with the exception of 2010 and 2013, when the antibiotic consumption was increased. In 2014, total outpatient antibiotic consumption in the Republic of Srpska was 31.2% lower than the average consumption in the European Union. During the period from 2010 to 2014, the European Union had a signifi cant increase in antibiotic consumption, while antibiotic consumption in the Republic of Srpska had a tendency of falling. Conclusion. Presented results show a quantitative analysis of antibiotic consumption and provide insight into the outpatient use of antibiotics in the Republic of Srpska, and can be used for further pharmacoepidemiological analysis of antibiotic consumption, which would give a better insight into the therapeutic practice, with the aim of improving the rational pharmacotherapy in the Republic of Srpska. Keywords: antibiotics, outpatient consumption, DDD/1000 inhabitants/day (Scr Med 2016:47:47-52) + , . / 0 1 / 2 3 4 3 5 6 7 8 7 1 7 6 1 9 1 / : 1 0 2 ; < = . : / 3 1 > > ? @ A 4 1 : B 9 C D E F G H I 8 C 7 G H J K L 0 0 A 5 L 0 / @ M = N O P I I 1 B I Q P < . 3 4 0 > 4 0 @ 48 Scripta Medica Vol. 47 • No 1 • April 2016. • www.scriptamedica.com Introduction R S T U V W X Y Z T [ \ Y ] ^ _ ` V a V Y ` V X W V W Y _ T Y ] ` S T b [ T ^ ` T W ` U V W X Y Z c T [ V T W V _ ` S T S V W ` Y [ \ Y ] d S ^ [ e ^ X Y ` S T [ ^ d \ f g _ ] ^ X ` h ` S ^ _ i W ` Y ` S ^ ` U V W X Y Z T [ \ h ` S T T T X ` V Z T X Y _ ` [ Y j Y ] V _ ] T X ` V Y k W U V W T ^ W T W h l S V X S l ^ W ` S T j T ^ U V _ b X ^ k W T Y ] e Y [ a V U V ` \ ^ _ U e Y [ ` ^ j V ` \ V _ S k e ^ _ S V W ` Y [ \ h l ^ W T _ ^ a j T U f m Y l T Z T [ h ` S T U V W X Y Z T [ \ Y ] ^ _ ` V a V Y ` V X W l ^ W Z T [ \ W Y Y _ ] Y j j Y l T U a \ ` S T Y X X k [ [ T _ X T Y ] [ T W V W ` ^ _ X T Y ] W Y e T a ^ X ` T [ V ^ W ` [ ^ V _ W f n _ ] Y [ ` k _ ^ ` T j \ h U k T ` Y ` S T b T _ T ` V X e k ` ^ ` V Y _ W Y ] a ^ X ` T [ V ^ ^ _ U [ T W V W ` ^ _ ` b T _ T W ` [ ^ _ W ] T [ W h ` S T T e T [ b T _ X T ^ _ U W d [ T ^ U Y ] ^ _ ` V a V Y ` V X [ T W V W ` ^ _ X T V W [ V W V _ b T Z T _ ` Y U ^ \ f o p q r _ ` V e V X [ Y a V ^ j [ T W V W ` c ^ _ X T ` Y U ^ \ V W ^ Z T [ \ W T [ V Y k W b j Y a ^ j d k a j V X S T ^ j ` S ` S [ T ^ ` ` Y T T X ` V Z T ` [ T ^ ` e T _ ` Y ] V _ ] T X ` V Y k W U V W T ^ W T W h ^ W l T j j ^ W X Y _ U k X ` V _ b _ k e T [ Y k W Y ] ^ e Y U T [ _ e T U V X ^ j d [ Y X T U k [ T W h ^ _ U V ` [ T s k V [ T W ^ e k j ` V c U V W X V d j V _ ^ [ \ ^ X ` V Y _ V _ Y [ U T [ ` Y W k d d [ T W W Y X X k [ [ T _ X T ^ _ U W d [ T ^ U l Y [ j U l V U T f t r X X Y [ U V _ b ` Y U ^ ` ^ ] [ Y e u v v w h V ` V W T W ` V e ^ ` T U ` S ^ ` ^ a Y k ` u x v v v d T Y c d j T U V T T ^ X S \ T ^ [ V _ ` S T y n ^ W ^ [ T W k j ` Y ] V _ ] T X ` V Y _ W X ^ k W T U a \ [ T W V W ` ^ _ ` a ^ X ` T [ V ^ W ` [ ^ V _ W h l S V X S j T ^ U W ` Y ` S T U V [ T X ` ^ _ U V _ U V [ T X ` X Y W ` W Y ] ^ a Y k ` z f x e V j j V Y _ ^ _ _ k ^ j j \ h V _ X j k U V _ b ` S T X Y W ` Y ] U T X [ T ^ W T U d [ Y U k X ` V Z V ` \ ^ _ U V _ X [ T ^ W T U S T ^ j ` S X ^ [ T X Y W ` W f q { | R S T e ^ V _ X ^ k W T Y ] T e T [ b T _ X T ^ _ U W d [ T ^ U Y ] ^ _ ` V a V Y ` V X [ T W V W ` ^ _ X T V W V [ [ ^ ` V Y _ ^ j ^ _ ` V a V Y ` V X k W T f g ] l T ` ^ i T V _ ` Y X Y _ c W V U T [ ^ ` V Y _ ` S ^ ` Z T [ \ ] T l _ T l ^ _ ` V a V Y ` V X W ^ [ T U T Z T j Y d T U a \ d S ^ [ e ^ X T k ` V X ^ j V _ U k W ` [ \ ` Y U ^ \ h ^ _ U T Z T _ l S T _ l T S ^ Z T ^ _ T l ^ _ ` V a V Y ` V X h a ^ X ` T [ V ^ T Z T _ ` k ^ j j \ S ^ Z T ` S T X ^ d ^ a V j V ` \ ` Y U T Z T j Y d [ T W V W ` ^ _ X T h ` S T [ T ] Y [ T h l T X ^ _ X Y _ X j k U T ` S ^ ` ` S T W V ` k ^ ` V Y _ l T ^ [ T ] ^ X V _ b l V ` S V W Z T [ \ W T [ V Y k W h ^ _ U V ` l V j j a T T Z T _ e Y [ T W T [ V Y k W V ] l T U Y _ Y ` [ ^ ` V Y _ ^ j j \ k W T T } V W ` V _ b ^ _ ` V a V Y ` V X W V _ ` S T ] k ` k [ T f ~ g ` V W T W ` V e ^ ` T U ` S ^ ` a \ u v x v h k _ c j T W W l T S ^ Z T T T X ` V Z T ^ _ ` V a V Y ` V X W h ` S T l Y [ j U d Y d k j ^ ` V Y _ l V j j a T [ T U k X T U a \ z z ` Y    e V j j V Y _ d T Y d j T f  {  r X X Y [ U V _ b ` Y ` S T  Y [ j U m T ^ j ` S  [ b ^ _ V  ^ ` V Y _ h [ ^ ` V Y _ ^ j k W T Y ] U [ k b W e T ^ _ W ` S ^ `  d ^ ` V T _ ` W [ T X T V Z T e T U V X ^ ` V Y _ W ^ d d [ Y c d [ V ^ ` T ` Y ` S T V [ X j V _ V X ^ j _ T T U W h V _ U Y W T W ` S ^ ` e T T ` ` S T V [ Y l _ V _ U V Z V U k ^ j [ T s k V [ T e T _ ` W h ] Y [ ^ _ ^ U T s k ^ ` T d T [ V Y U Y ] ` V e T h ^ _ U ^ ` ` S T j Y l T W ` X Y W ` ` Y ` S T e ^ _ U ` S T V [ X Y e e k _ V ` \    m  h z w  x  f  Objectives: z f R Y ^ _ ^ j \  T ` S T U ^ ` ^ Y _ Y k ` d ^ ` V T _ ` X Y _ W k e d ` V Y _ Y ] ^ _ ` V V _ ] T X ` V Z T W ] Y [ W \ W ` T e V X k W T   b [ Y k d  ^ _ U ^ _ ` V a V c Y ` V X W   v z b [ Y k d  V _ ` S T  T d k a j V X Y ]  [ d W i ^ U k [ V _ b ` S T d T [ V Y U ] [ Y e u v v w ` Y u v z   u f R Y W S Y l Y k ` d ^ ` V T _ ` X Y _ W k e d ` V Y _ Y ] ` S T  [ W ` W V } ^ _ ` V c a V Y ` V X W ^ ` ` S T  ] ` S r R  j T Z T j  g    d T [ \ T ^ [   f R Y X Y e d ^ [ T Y k ` d ^ ` V T _ ` ^ _ ` V a V Y ` V X X Y _ W k e d ` V Y _ V _ ` S T  T d k a j V X Y ]  [ d W i ^ V _ [ T j ^ ` V Y _ ` Y X Y _ W k e d ` V Y _ V _ ` S T y k [ Y d T ^ _ n _ V Y _ f Materials and Methods  Y j j T X ` V Y _ ^ _ U ^ _ ^ j \ W V W Y ] U ^ ` ^ Y _ U [ k b X Y _ W k e d ` V Y _ V W U Y _ T k W V _ b r R      e T ` S Y U Y j Y b \ T W ` ^ a j V W S T U a \ ` S T  m   Y j j ^ a Y [ ^ ` V _ b  T _ ` [ T ] Y [  [ k b  ` ^ ` V W ` V X  T ` S Y U Y j c Y b \ V _  W j Y f R S T  m  b k V U T j V _ T W ^ [ T k W T U ` Y V e d j T e T _ ` ` S T r R  U [ k b X j ^ W W V  X ^ ` V Y _  r _ ^ ` Y e V X ^ j R S T [ ^ d T k ` V X  S T e V X ^ j  j ^ W W V  X ^ ` V Y _  ^ _ U    W   T  _ T U  ^ V j \  Y W c T W  h ^ _ U ` Y e Y _ V ` Y [ ` S T ^ _ _ k ^ j U [ k b X Y _ W k e d ` V Y _ f w h z v  Y _ V ` Y [ V _ b Y ] ^ _ _ k ^ j X Y _ W k e d ` V Y _ V _ ` S T  T d k a j V X Y ]  [ d W i ^ V W [ T b k j ^ ` T U a \ _ ^ ` V Y _ ^ j j T b V W j ^ ` V Y _ f o o p o q r R      W \ W ` T e V _ X j k U T W ` S T r _ ^ ` Y e V X ^ j R S T [ ^ d T k ` V X  S T e V X ^ j  r R    j ^ W W V  X ^ ` V Y _ Y ] U [ k b W ^ _ U U T  _ T U U ^ V j \ U Y W T W     W  ^ W ` S T k _ V ` ] Y [ e Y _ V ` Y [ V _ b ` S T k W T Y ] e T U V c X V _ T W V _ ^ b V Z T _ d Y d k j ^ ` V Y _ Y [ S T ^ j ` S V _ W ` V ` k ` V Y _ f r R  V _ X j k U T W X j ^ W W V  X ^ ` V Y _ Y ] ^ X ` V Z T W k a W ` ^ _ X T W V _ U V T [ c T _ ` b [ Y k d W h U T d T _ U V _ b Y _ ` S T Y [ b ^ _ W Y [ W \ W ` T e W Y ] Y [ c b ^ _ W ` Y l S V X S ` S T \ ^ [ T T T X ` V Z T Y _ h ^ _ U ^ X X Y [ U V _ b ` Y ` S T V [ ` S T [ ^ d T k ` V X ^ j h d S ^ [ e ^ X Y j Y b V X ^ j ^ _ U X S T e V X ^ j d [ Y d T [ ` V T W f    V W U T  _ T U ^ W ^ W ` ^ ` V W ` V X ^ j k _ V ` Y ] ^ b [ T T U ^ _ U U T ` T [ c e V _ T U ^ e Y k _ ` Y ] ` S T U [ k b ` S ^ ` V W e Y W ` X Y e e Y _ j \ k W T U ] Y [ ` S T e Y W ` X Y e e Y _ V _ U V X ^ ` V Y _ ] Y [ e T ^ W k [ V _ b T } d Y W k [ T Y ] b V Z T _ d Y d k j ^ ` V Y _ ` Y X T [ ` ^ V _ U [ k b W Y [ b [ Y k d W Y ] U [ k b W f    V W e Y W ` j \ T } d [ T W W T U ^ W l T V b S ` k _ V ` W  b h e b h b  h ^ _ U V ] ` S V W V W _ Y ` d Y W W V a j T U k T ` Y Z ^ [ V Y k W [ T ^ W Y _ W  ] Y [ T } ^ e c d j T h ` S T X Y e a V _ T U d [ T d ^ [ ^ ` V Y _ W h Z ^ [ V ^ a j \ U Y W ^ b T h T ` X f  h ` S T k _ V ` U Y W T  n   Y ] ^ b V Z T _ d S ^ [ e ^ X T k ` V X ^ j U Y W ^ b T k _ V `  ` ^ a j T ` h X ^ d W k j T h ^ e d Y k j T  V W k W T U f    e T ` S Y U Y j Y b \ V W V _ U T d T _ U T _ ` Y ] d [ V X T ^ _ U _ k e a T [ Y ] V _ S ^ a V ` ^ _ ` W h W Y V ` V W W k V ` ^ a j T ] Y [ U T W X [ V a V _ b ^ _ U X Y e d ^ [ V _ b U [ k b k W T Y Z T [ ` V e T h X Y e d ^ [ V W Y _ Y ] d [ T W X [ V a V _ b a T ` l T T _ U V T [ T _ ` b T Y c b [ ^ d S V X ^ j ^ [ T ^ W ^ _ U U V T [ T _ ` S T ^ j ` S ] ^ X V j V ` V T W f R S T [ T ] Y [ T h ` S V W e T ` S Y U V W W k V ` ^ a j T ] Y [ e Y _ V ` Y [ V _ b d S ^ [ e ^ X Y ` S T [ ^ d \ ^ _ U [ ^ ` V Y _ ^ j V  ^ ` V Y _ Y ] ` S T [ ^ d \ f  [ k b X Y _ W k e d ` V Y _ V W T } d [ T W W T U ^ W ` S T _ k e a T [ Y ]    W d T [ z v v v V _ S ^ a V ` ^ _ ` W d [ T W X [ V a T U ] Y [ Y _ T U ^ \     W  z v v v V _ S ^ a V ` ^ _ ` W  U ^ \  h ^ _ U V _ S Y W d V ` ^ j W T ` ` V _ b W ^ W ` S T _ k e a T [ Y ] U T  _ T U U ^ V j \ U Y W T W d T [ z v v d ^ ` V T _ ` c U ^ \ W     W  z v v d ^ ` V T _ ` c U ^ \ W  f  Results R S T ^ _ ^ j \ W V W Y _ U [ k b X Y _ W k e d ` V Y _ V W a ^ W T U Y _ U ^ ` ^ W k a c e V ` ` T U ] [ Y e w  f   Y ] d S ^ [ e ^ X V T W [ T b V W ` T [ T U V _ ` S T  T c d k a j V X Y ]  [ d W

Outpatient antibiotic consumption in the Republic of Srpska during the period from 2009 to 2014