Design Of The Learning Environment For Inclusivity: A Review Of The Literature

Retention, especially of under-represented populations through the first year university, is an ongoing concern in engineering programs. While this is a very complex issue, one of the aspects of retention that is being studied is the barriers to inclusion that some students feel when they enter university. There are many programs aimed at helping freshman acclimatize to the university environment and the issue of inclusivity is becoming more pronounced as we strive to increase and then maintain the diversity of our student population in engineering programs. There are many ways of approaching issues of student success toward a goal of improving diversity. However, the literature on this subject is highly fragmented. There is a cluster of work on students with learning disabilities, which is found primarily in the equity and disability literature. Then there is a considerable cluster of work on first generation students and minorities and the cultural issues that these students may face when entering university. And in the engineering education literature there is some work on minority student success strategies and a substantial amount of work on improving the retention of women in engineering programs. A fraction of this literature across all of these fields considers the barriers to inclusion that students may encounter in their engineering studies and, in particular, how the design of the learning environment impacts retention. The work in the area of design for retention comes mainly from literature in the field of higher education studies. In this paper we review the research on this subject, both in the engineering education literature and literature from other disciplines. From this review we have created a framework for understanding different approaches that have been taken to making the learning environment more inclusive for diverse student populations. This research identifies approaches that may be effective and transferable, and a number of open questions that should be investigated further.