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This review discusses our current knowledge on the nociceptin/orphanin (N/OFQ) system regarding its role  in regulation of brain functions. Nociceptin receptor (NOPr) was identified in 1994 [Bunzow et al., 1994;  Mollereau et al., 1994]. In 1995 a 17 amino acid endogenous peptide was found to be the high-affinity ligand  for the NOPr [Reinscheid et al., 1995]. N/OFQ has a broad spectrum of activity and can act as on opioid-like as well  as an anti-opioid peptide. Considering high level of N/OFQ and NOPr mRNA expression in the limbic brain regions,  the N/OFQ/NOP system is suggested to be involved in regulation of emotions, resward, pain sensitivity, stress  responsibility, sexual behavior, aggression, drug abuse and addiction. However it is still not well understood whether  an increased vulnerability to drugs of abuse may be associated with dysregulation of N/OFQ/NOP system.  Current review further highlights a need for further research on N/OFQ/NOP system as it could have clinical utility  for substance abuse, depression, and anxiety pharmacotherapy.

The role of nociceptin in opioid regulation of brain functions