Şeyl Gazı (Kaya Gazı) ve Çevresel Etkileri

Ozet. Son yillarda seyl formasyonlarindan dogal gaz uretimi (seyl gaz) karadaki hidrokarbon (petrol ve gaz) arama ve uretimlerindeki en hizli gelisen egilimdir. Şeyl gaz operasyonlarinda teknolojik gelismeler ozellikle Amerika’da son birkac yilda daha da hizlanmis ve bu surec kuresel olarak ilerlemeye devam etmektedir. Petrol ve gaz sektorundeki yeni gelismeler cevre ve sosyo-ekonomik alanda, ozellikle de dogal gaz gelisiminin yeni oldugu alanlarda bircok degisimi de beraberinde getirmistir. Şeyl gaz ile ilgili cevresel etkiler kuresel ve yerel duzeylerde etkili olmaktadir. Bunlar iklim degisikligi, sera gazi (GHG) emisyonlari, yerel hava kalitesi, su temini, su kalitesi, sismik aktivite, yerlesim yeri ve toplumsal etkilerdir. Yogun kuyu araliklari, operasyonlardan dolayi olusan gurultu, artan kamyon trafigi halk ve cevre icin dusunulmesi gereken diger konulari olusturmaktadir. Bazi cevresel etkiler ise yeni teknolojik gelismeleri kullanarak azaltilmistir. Ornegin, seyl gazi uretimi sirasindaki sera gazlari azaltilmaya baslanmis ve tatli su ihtiyaci ise operasyonda kullanilan suyun aritilmasi ve yeniden kullanilmasinin yayginlasmasi sonucunda azalmaya baslamistir. Sismik aktivitenin onlenmesi gibi diger konular ise hala detayli inceleme ve arastirmaya ihtiyac duymaktadir. Anahtar Kelimeler: Şeyl gazi, hidrokarbon, cevre kirliligi, sera gazi, dogal gaz, su kirliligi Abstract. In recent years, natural gas production from shale formations (shale gas) is one of the most rapidly expanding trends in onshore hydrocarbon (oil and gas) exploration and production. Especially in the United States the development of technology within shale gas operations has been rapid within the last few years and is still ongoing globally. New developments about oil and gas sector create change to the environmental and socio-economic view, particularly in those areas where gas development is a new activity. Effective environmental impacts related with shale gas development occur at the global and territorial levels. These include impacts to climate change, greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, local air quality, water availability, water quality, seismicity, and local communities. Dense well-spacings, noise from operations and increased truck traffic are further concerns for the environment and the public. Some environmental effects have already been effectively reduced using these new technological progress. For example, the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions during shale gas production and the reduction of freshwater demands by increased recycling and re-use of wastewater. Other issues still need more attention from research and development, e.g. the prevention of induced seismicity. Keywords: Shale gas, hydocarbons, environmental pollution, greenhouse gas, natural gas, water pollution