Small-scale geologic evidence for Vistulian decline cooling periods: case studies from the Łódź Region (Central Poland)

This study concerns small-scale features in the form of denivation structures, periglacial involutions, sharp-edged blocks, fragipan layers and frost fissures observed in various depositional environments of Central Poland. These are terrestrial evidence for the Vistulian (Weichselian) decline cool-climate intervals (Older Dryas and Younger Dryas). The structures developed in the presence of either permafrost or deep seasonal frost. In this study, the authors analyse their distinctive properties and origins, and their relations to the sedimentary successions and morphogenetic processes. The study demonstrates that the discussed features can be useful supplementary diagnostic markers for the comprehensive reconstruction of cold environmental conditions.