Clinical analysis of salivary gland tumors and their treatment methods: An experience in treatment of 154 cases

Objectives: The aim of this study was to evaluate the treatment plan methods used in the treatment of different type & site of salivary gland tumors. Materials and Methods: This study represents the experience of author in surgical treatment of 154 patients who were admitted in the clinic of maxillofacial surgery in the Babylon teaching hospital during the period May 2004October 2010 for surgical treatment of salivary gland tumors. The clinical finding; distribution of patients according to the histology & the site of origin is summarised. Analysis of different types of surgical procedures that used with others possible treatment & recurrent rate were done. Result: There were 82 females (53.2%) & 72 (46.8%) males. The average age of patients was 48.5 years. Parotid gland tumors represent 55.2% (85 patients), submandibular gland 20.7% (32 patients) & minor salivary glands 24% (37 patients). Malignant tumors represent 42.2%, mostly in submandibular & minor salivary glands while 57.7% were benign mostly in the parotid gland. Conclusions: Early diagnosis correlated with careful treatment plan selection depends on histopathology, staging and type of tumor leads to good prognosis of salivary gland tumors. When possible a conservative resection of the malignant tumor is recommended. Keywords: salivary glands, neoplasm, parotidectomy, submandible gland, parotid gland. * B . D . S , F. I . C . M . S ( O r a l a n d Maxillofacial Surgery). Ass. Professor of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery. Department of oral & maxillofacial surgery/ College of DentistryUniversity of Kerbala, Iraq. Cite this article as: Mussa QH. Clinical analysis of salivary gland tumors and their treatment methods: An experience in treatment of 154 cases. Sulaimani Dent J. 2015;2(1):1-7. Introduction: Correspondence to; Dr. Qais H. Mussa drqais@live.com Received: August 2014 Accepted: December 2014 Clinical analysis of salivary gland tumors and their treatment methods: An experience in treatment of 154 cases Sulaimani Dental Journal SDJ Clinical analysis of salivary gland tumors ... Pleomorphic Adenoma Represent 70% of all parotid tumors (90% occur in the superficial lobe), 50% of all submandibular tumors and 45% of minor salivary gland tumors most commonly occur on the lateral palate, but only 6% of sublingual tumors. It is uncommon in children slow-growing, painless and firm mass. Histologically; pleomorphic adenomas show incomplete encapsulation with pseudopod extensions. These features account for recurrence rates varying from 20% to 45% after simple enucleation(6). Appropriate surgical therapy requires resection with an adequate margin of normal tissue surrounding the tumor. Rarely, pleomorphic adenoma can metastasize and yet remain benign histologically(7). Pleomorphic adenomas are surrounded by a pseudocapsule, beyond which there are numerous microscopic extensions. This is one reason that surgeons in the United States have avoided simple enucleation of these tumors, fearing an increase in local recurrence. Such recurrences are typically evident within 5 years of excision, but a significant proportion may occur 10 years or more following excision(8,9). Warthin's tumor A benign tumor occurs almost exclusively in the parotid gland. It has been reported prominently in whites. The incidence rate is higher than that of salivary gland cancer, but is lower than that of benign mixed tumors (pleomorphic adenoma) and its malignant transformation is rare(10). As the second most frequent type of tumor found in the salivary gland, Warthin’s tumor accounts for 14-30% of all tumors found in the parotid gland, it recurs in less than 2%, and only 1% develops into malignant tumors. Therefore; the treatment principle is tracked after conservative excision, and it was curable with enucleation(11). A research concluded that parotidectomy was required to reduce the recurrence rate since Warthin’s tumor is likely to be bilateral and multicentric(6). Malignant tumors Mucoepidermoid Carcinoma Most common parotid malign tumors (15% of the parotid tumors) and the second most frequent in the submandibular gland(2). Histologically mucoepidermoid carcinoma divided into low, intermediate and high-grade tumors. The treatment chosen depends on the surgical margins and evaluation of intra-parotid lymph nodes. If they are free, the deep lobe and the cervical lymph nodes wouldn’t need complementary treatment, while if they are affected, the treatment with a wide approach must be carried out(12). Adenoid Cystic Carcinoma The second most common salivary glands malign tumor and corresponds to 10% of the neoplasms(2). Morphologically, three growth patterns have been described: cribriform or classic pattern; tubular; and solid or bracelet pattern. The tumors are categorized according to the predominant pattern(13). This neoplasm typically develops as a slow growing swelling in the preauricular or submandibular region. Pain and facial paralysis frequently develop during the course of the disease and are likely related to the associated high incidence of nerve invasion. The treatment methods include complete surgical resection and postoperative radiation therapy. The sacrifice of the facial nerve may be necessary due to perineural invasion(14). Carcinoma ex-pleomorphic adenoma Carcinoma ex-pleomorphic adenoma, also known as carcinoma ex-mixed tumor, is a carcinoma that shows histological evidence of arising from or in a benign pleomorphic adenoma. This neoplasm occurs primarily in the major salivary glands(15,16). Surgery is currently the primary treatment for Carcinoma ex-pleomorphic adenoma(17). Materials and Methods: Patients& methods Surgical treatment of 154 salivary gland tumors is recorded in this study (Babylon teaching hospital, maxillofacial department) during the period from May 2004 to October 2013. The diagnosis of salivary gland tumors was based on clinical examination, histological examination by FNAB (fine needle aspiration biopsy) which had an important role in treatment planning most of the cases, ultrasound, computed tomography & magnetic resonance imaging. The details of patients were recorded, including the age, sex, clinical features, location of tumor and the histopathological examination result. Treatment plan selection for each case, and the local recurrence that may occur during followup of study period were also included. Treatment plan selection Pleomorphic adenomas Treatment of parotid pleomorphic adenomas (Fig. 1) was complete surgical excision with a surrounding margin of normal tissue, i.e., superficial parotidectomy with facial nerve preservation (Fig. 4). For large or deep-lobe parotid tumor, the treatment was by lower lip split incision and mandibulotomy approach (Fig. 6). Preservation of the posterior branches of the great auricular nerve is possible in most of the cases. Wide local excision for minor & submandibular salivary gland tumors was dependent in the treatment of all such cases. Simple enucleation of these tumors is associated with high local recurrence rates and the rupture of the capsule and tumor spillage in the wound is increase the risk of recurrence. Sulaimani Dental Journal © 2015 2 Clinical analysis of salivary gland tumors ... Sulaimani Dental Journal © 2015 3 Figure 1: Clinical view of a pleomorphic adenoma located in the parotid gland; pre& post-operative superficial parotidectomy. Figure 2: Clinical & Surgical enucleation of Warthin's tumor located in the parotid gland Figure 3: Clinical & surgical resection of adenoid cystic carcinoma located in the submandibular gland Clinical analysis of salivary gland tumors ... Sulaimani Dental Journal © 2015 4 Figure 4: Clinical & Surgical identification and preservation view of facial nerve in superficial parotidectomy and resect tumors in deep lobe of parotid gland Figure 5: Clinical view of pre & post-operative of total parotidectomy through lateral lobectomy &post-operative radiotherapy of deep lobe mucoepidermoid carcinoma Figure 6: Clinical& axial CT scan view of large deep-lobe parotid tumor treated by lower lip split incision and mandibulotomy approach Clinical analysis of salivary gland tumors ... Warthin’s Tumor Treatment is surgical resection & enucleation of the tumor may be adequate therapy, but superficial parotidectomy with facial nerve preservation is the management of choice (Fig. 2). Malignant Neoplasm
 Mucoepidermoid Carcinoma Surgical resection with adequate, safe margin and neck dissection for the following cases: 1-High histological grade 2-Clinically palpable lymph nodes Postoperative radiotherapy indicated for 1Stage III or IV disease (Fig. 5). 2Close surgical margin Adenoid Cystic Carcinoma Surgical treatment of adenoid cystic carcinoma includes complete surgical resection and postoperative radiation therapy. The sacrifice of the facial nerve may be necessary due to perineural invasion (Fig.3 ). Elective neck dissection is usually not indicated. All palatomaxillectomy defects have been accomplished by using a prosthetic obturator. Result: There were 82 females (53.2%) & 72 (46.8%) males (Table.1) that summarized the distribution of salivary gland tumors according to patient sex. The age of the treated patients ranged from 10 to 79 years, but the most common age group affected by salivary gland tumor located in the fifth decade. The average age of our patients was 48.5 (Table. 2). Parotid gland tumors represent 55.2% (85 patients), submandibular gland 20.7% (32 patients) & minor salivary glands 24% (37 patients)(Table 3). Malignant tumors represent 42.2%, mostly in submandibular & minor salivary glands while 57.7% were benign, mostly in the parotid gland (Table .3). Pleomorphic adenoma was 66 cases that represent 42.8% of all the cases followed by Adenoid cystic carcinoma 28 cases (18%). Mucoepidermoid 25 cases (16.2%), Warthins 14 cases (9%), monomorphic 9 cases (5.8%), adenocarcinoma 7 cases (4.5%) & malignant mixed tumor 5 cases (3.2%). Adenoid cystic carcinoma had