Morphological Investigations of Experimental Acute Intoxication with the Anticoagulant Rodenticide Bromadiolone in Pheasants

Morphological investigations were performed to observe the changes after experimental acute intoxication with the anticoagulant rodenticide bromadiolone in pheasants. The study was performed with 8 groups of pheasants treated with increasing  doses  of  the  tested  preparation:  5  mg/kg  (group I), 10 mg/kg (group II), 20 mg/kg (group III), 30 mg/kg (group IV), 40 mg/kg (group V), 50 mg/kg (group VI), 60 mg/kg (group VII) and 70 mg/kg (group VIII). All birds from groups I to V have survived the intoxication whereas those from groups VI, VII and VIII have died. During the intoxication, inappetence, accelerated and difficult breathing, adynamia, watery blood discharge from the beak were observed. All pheasants with fatal outcome and the survivors, which were euthanized after the experiment (day 20) were necropsied and gross changes in the liver, the lungs and kidneys were described. Liver alterations varied from strong hyperaemia and activation of the monocytic-macrophageal system to diffuse vacuolar or granular parenchymal dystrophy, as well as necrobiotic to necrotic changes, intra- and inter-lobular haemorrhages, perivascular mononuclear proliferations  and  bile  duct  hyperplasia. Lungs exhibited congestive hyperaemia, oedema in the interstitium and the mucous coats of bronchi and parabronchi, desquamation of epithelial cells in bronchioles and lung parenchymal haemorrhages. In the kidney parenchyma, congestive hyperaemia and haemorrhages were seen, varying within a broad range from karyolysis and karyopyknosis in epithelial tubular cells to cellular desquamation and disintegration and necrosis. All observed changes in parenchymal organs were dose-related, being more pronounced in pheasants treated with higher doses of the tested rodenticide. Key Words: Anticoagulant rodenticide, bromadiolone, pheasants, acute intoxication, morphological investigations OZET SULUNLERDE ANTIKOAGULAN RODENTISIT BROMADIOLONE ILE OLUŞTURULAN DENEYSEL AKUT INTOKSIKASYONUN MORFOLOJIK INCELENMESI Sulunlerde antikoagulan rodentisit bromadiolone kullanilarak gelistirilen deneysel akut intoksikasyondan sonra degisimleri gozlemlemek amaciyla morfolojik incelemeler yapilmistir. Calismada 8 grup sulun artan dozlarda incelemeye alindi: 5 mg/kg (Grup 1), 10 mg/kg (Grup 2), 20 mg/kg (Grup 3), 30 mg/kg (Grup 4), 40 mg/kg (Grup 5), 50 mg/kg (Grup 6), 60 mg/kg (Grup 7) ve 70 mg/kg (Grup 8). Birinci ve 5. gruplar arasindaki kus gruplarinin hepsi intoksikasyondan hayatta kalirken; 6., 7. ve 8. gruplarin oldugu saptanmistir. Intoksikasyon sirasinda, istahsizlik, hizli solunum ve solunum guclugu, bitkinlik, gagadan sulu kan geldigi gozlenmistir. Deney sonucunda (20 gun) otenazi yapilarak nekropsisi yapilan hayatta kalan sulunlerin ve olen sulunlerin nekropsilerinde dalak, akciger ve bobreklerde degisiklikler saptandi. Dalakta siddetli hiperemi ve monositik-makrofaj sisteminin aktivasyonu sonucu diffuz vakuoler ya da granuler parenkimal distrofi, intra ve inter lobuler hemorajiler, perivaskuler mononukleer proliferasyonlar ve safra kanali hiperplazisi gorulmustur. Akcigerlerde konjestif hiperemi, interstitiyum, brons ve parabronslarin mukoz membranlarinda odem, bronsiollerde bulunan epitel hucrelerde deskuamasyon ve parenkimal hemorajiler gorulmustur. Bobrek parenkiminde, konjestif hiperemi ve hemorajiler gorulmus, epitelyal tubuler hucrelerinde degisen derecelerde karyolizis ve karyopiknozis alanlari, hucresel deskuamasyon ve parcalanma ve nekroz odaklari gorulmustur. Parenkimal organlarda gozlenen tum degisiklikler doza bagli olarak degismekle birlikte, rodentisitin yuksek dozda uygulandigi sulunlerde degisimler daha belirgin olarak seyretmistir. Anahtar Kelimeler: Antikoagulan rodentisit, bromadiolone, sulun, akut intoksikasyon, morfolojik incelemeler