Low-temperature calcite precipitation in sand using CIPS

The permeation grouting system CIPS (calcite in situ precipitation system) stabilises granular soil by hydrolysing the urea and causing calcite crystals to precipitate at the contact points of the grains. At low temperatures, the activity of urea hydrolysis is slow, causing concern that the CIPS system might not build sufficient strength in order to be an efficient soil stabilisation method. Most of the documented experience and research have been conducted in Australia; in order to examine the suitability of CIPS under Scandinavian climate conditions, where the operating temperature for the method needs to be adjusted to around 10°C, a laboratory study was conducted. The test cores were all treated and stabilised in a temperature-controlled room simulating Scandinavian ground conditions. After different lengths of curing time, some of the cemented samples were tested saturated for unconfined compressive strength (UCS); the other samples were allowed to dry at either 10 or 20°C before they were tested for UCS. The tests showed a rather obvious increase in strength especially after allowing the spent fluid to deplete, causing the samples to dry out; only a slight difference in UCS increase was recorded between the drying temperature of 10 and 20°C.