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Geosynthetic reinforced slopes and walls are being increasingly constructed to perform as permanent structures. Facing blocks are used to improve the aesthetic appearance of walls and to simplify their construction. This paper presents a unified design approach, based on limit equilibrium analysis, that considers the various aspects of stability of reinforced soil structures including the stabilizing effects of facing blocks. Possible instabilities due to tied-back failure, compound failure, direct sliding, and overturning are considered. The design procedure is validated using the test results of two full-scale walls. The results of parametric studies indicate that facing interblock friction significantly reduces the required geosynthetic length and strength for a near-vertical wall. This effect diminishes as the slope angle reduces. Even though the soil-block friction reduces the required geosynthetic strength, it increases the required length of geosynthetic. Examples, and general guidelines for appropriate selection of design material properties and safety factors, are discussed

Unified Design Approach to Geosynthetic Reinforced Slopes and Segmental Walls