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Few empirical studies have directly explored the association between  Buchnera aphidicola  (Enterobacteriales: Enterobacteriaceae), the primary endosymbiont of aphids, and the life history strategies of aphid parasitoids. A series of paired-choice experiments were conducted to explore the preference of the parasitoid  Lysiphlebus ambiguus  Halliday (Hymenoptera: Aphididae) for symbiotic and aposymbiotic  Aphis fabae  Scopoli (Hemiptera: Aphididae) and the suitability of these hosts for parasitoid development. When given a choice between symbiotic and aposymbiotic aphids of the same instar, the parasitoid significantly preferred symbiotic over aposymbiotic aphids only during the later instars (L 4  and adult). The suitability of aposymbiotic aphids for parasitoid development was equal to that of symbiotic aphids in terms of survivorship and sex ratio, but was significantly lower than that of symbiotic aphids for L 4  and adult instars in development rate and/or female adult size. When given a choice between similar-sized symbiotic L 2  and aposymbiotic L 4  aphids, the parasitoid preferred the former. No significant differences in preference or host suitability were demonstrated when the parasitoid was given a choice between different instars of aposymbiotic aphids. While parasitoid lifetime fecundity increased with aphid instar at the time of oviposition, there was no significant influence of previous development from symbiotic versus aposymbiotic aphids. These results suggest that while  L. ambiguus  can discriminate between symbiotic and aposymbiotic  A. fabae  during later instars and when the aphids are of a similar size, the primary endosymbiont is not needed for successful parasitoid development; and its absence only compromises parasitoid growth reared from later instar aposymbiotic host.

Host Preference between Symbiotic and AposymbioticAphis fabae, by the Aphid Parasitoid,Lysiphlebus ambiguus