LiDAR Predictive Modeling of Kalapuya Mound Sites in the Calapooia Watershed, Oregon

i Dedication iii Acknowledgements iv List of Tables viii List of Figures ix Chapter 1: Introduction 1 Research Overview 4 Thesis Structure 6 Chapter 2: Background 7 Prior Research on Willamette Valley Mounds 7 Mound Age and Archaeological Theories on Past Use 19 Mounds in the Ethnographic Literature 21 Remote Sensing in Archaeology 27 Calapooia Watershed: Geological and Environmental Background 31 Chapter 3: Research Design and Methods 36 Model Development 36 Field Survey Methods 51 Methods for the Assessment of Model Success 55 Chapter 4: Results 56 Initial Model Results 56 Field Survey Results 57 Public Land Parcel: 59 Skiles Property: 63 Keen Property: 67 Slate Property: 68 Model Efficacy Assessment 73 vii Chapter 5: Discussion and Conclusion 76 Can Modeling Identify Mounds in the Calapooia Watershed? 76 What Patterns and Potential Human Behaviors are Associated with the Mounds? 77 Future Work 86 Conclusions 88 References 91 Appendix: Landowner Letter 101