Biomarker Detection of Neurological Disorders through Spectroscopy Analysis

Background: The accurate and efficient diagnosis at the early stages of neurological disorders is the key feature for effective treatment and productive research for finding out new ways to combat diseases. It is essentially true for neurological disorders where there is no effective cure, but only treatments are available for slowing down the procedure. Neurological disorders reveal only non-specific clinical symptoms of mental changes/decline starting from a few days to decades after initiation which goes very challenging to differentiate even at later stages when the disorder becomes way aggressive. Despite the fact of having great need, the current availability of diagnostic tests is unable to diagnose different forms of neurological disorders. Aim: The aim of this review is to explore the application of Raman spectroscopy (RS) and mass spectrometry (MS) for the detection of changes in the biochemical composition of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), blood serum, urine, and saliva. The approach will be based on probing biochemical composition of a biofluid totally using the spectroscopy analysis with advanced statistics. The power of high differentiation method will promote the translation of RS from mere a laboratory technique to clinically useful tool. Demonstration of biochemical information derived from RS from CSF, blood, saliva, and urine that will yield accurate and selective detection of neurological disorders. It will also provide diagnostic and prognostic indicators and will also play a significant role in the development of personalized medicine. Conclusion: Combination of RS and other techniques such as MS and advanced molecular techniques will allow differentiating CSF, blood serum, saliva, and urine samples of common neurological disorders from normal control patients with sensitivity and specificity close to 95%. Clinical Significance: The outcome of the research methods explained will demonstrate an accurate discriminative method which will be based on RS for the detection of neurological disorders. The findings of research in the review will furthermore confirm that if the biomedical application of the methods will either allow to distinguish and detect biomarkers of neurological disorders from biofluids and is it a viable clinical tool that can be used for an accurate diagnosis through a simple test.