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Austrolebias minuano (Costa and Cheffe 2001) (Figure 1) is a annual fish belonging to the Rivulidae family that is comprised of approximately 235 species, from which 16 are endemic to Patos Lagoon drainage basin (Costa 2003). They inhabit temporary pools or swamps formed at the rainy season usually during winter months in southern Brazil (Costa 2006, Porciuncula et al. 2006). Adults die when ponds dry out during warmer months, but they leave their eggs buried into the sediment, where they remain in diapause until a new rainy season restores water levels in their habitats (Costa 2006). Austrolebias minuano is one of the species of the A. adloffi species group, which is characterized by a pair of black spots arranged vertically in close proximity, which can coalesce to form an 8-shaped blotch, on posterior portion of caudal peduncle in juveniles and adult females, and sometimes in adult males (Costa 2006). It can be distinguished by a combination of several characters, being among them, a black bar on parietal series of neuromasts, dorsal and anal-fin bases with elongated white spots, anterior flank bars about as wide as interspace and posterior bars wider (Costa op cit.). This species is considered endangered, especially due to expansion of increasingly urbanization and agriculture activities, which drastically alters and/or permanently disrupt their habitats (Fontana et al. 2003; Rosa and Lima 2008).

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Pisces, Cyprinodontiformes, Rivulidae, Austrolebias minuano (Costa and Cheffe, 2001): new species record at Lagoa do Peixe National Park, state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil