PPM-1, a PP2Cα/β phosphatase, Regulates Axon Termination and Synapse Formation in Caenorhabditis elegans

The PHR (Pam/Highwire/RPM-1) proteins are evolutionarily conserved ubiquitin ligases that regulate axon guidance and synapse formation in Caenorhabditis elegans, Drosophila, zebrafish, and mice. In C. elegans, RPM-1 (Regulator of Presynaptic Morphology-1) functions in synapse formation, axon guidance, axon termination, and postsynaptic GLR-1 trafficking. Acting as an E3 ubiquitin ligase, RPM-1 negatively regulates a MAP kinase pathway that includes: dlk-1, mkk-4, and the p38 MAPK, pmk-3. Here we provide evidence that ppm-1, a serine/threonine phosphatase homologous to human PP2Cα(PPM1A) and PP2Cβ(PPM1B) acts as a second negative regulatory mechanism to control the dlk-1 pathway. We show that ppm-1 functions through its phosphatase activity in a parallel genetic pathway with glo-4 and fsn-1 to regulate both synapse formation in the GABAergic motorneurons and axon termination in the mechanosensory neurons. Our transgenic analysis shows that ppm-1 acts downstream of rpm-1 to negatively regulate the DLK-1 pathway, with PPM-1 most likely acting at the level of pmk-3. Our study provides insight into the negative regulatory mechanisms that control the dlk-1 pathway in neurons and demonstrates a new role for the PP2C/PPM phosphatases as regulators of neuronal development.