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Carbon dioxide (CO(2)) sensing and metabolism via carbonic anhydrases (CAs) play pivotal roles in survival and proliferation of pathogenic fungi infecting human hosts from natural environments due to the drastic difference in CO(2) levels. In Cryptococcus neoformans, which causes fatal fungal meningoencephalitis, the Can2 CA plays essential roles during both cellular growth in air and sexual differentiation of the pathogen. However the signaling networks downstream of Can2 are largely unknown. To address this question, the present study employed comparative transcriptome DNA microarray analysis of a C. neoformans strain in which CAN2 expression is artificially controlled by the CTR4 (copper transporter) promoter. The P(CTR4)CAN2 strain showed growth defects in a CO(2)-dependent manner when CAN2 was repressed but resumed normal growth when CAN2 was overexpressed. The Can2-dependent genes identified by the transcriptome analysis include FAS1 (fatty acid synthase 1) and GPB1 (G-protein beta subunit), supporting the roles of Can2 in fatty acid biosynthesis and sexual differentiation. Cas3, a capsular structure designer protein, was also discovered to be Can2-dependent and yet was not involved in CO(2)-mediated capsule induction. Most notably, a majority of Can2-dependent genes were environmental stress-regulated (ESR) genes. Supporting this, the CAN2 overexpression strain was hypersensitive to oxidative and genotoxic stress as well as antifungal drugs, such as polyene and azole drugs, potentially due to defective membrane integrity. Finally, an oxidative stress-responsive Atf1 transcription factor was also found to be Can2-dependent. Atf1 not only plays an important role in diverse stress responses, including thermotolerance and antifungal drug resistance, but also represses melanin and capsule production in C. neoformans. In conclusion, this study provides insights into the comprehensive signaling networks orchestrated by CA/CO(2)-sensing pathways in pathogenic fungi.

Comparative Transcriptome Analysis of the CO2 Sensing Pathway Via Differential Expression of Carbonic Anhydrase in Cryptococcus neoformans