Cis-regulatory Variation Is Typically Polyallelic in Drosophila

Gene expression levels vary heritably, with approximately 25-35% of the loci affecting expression acting in cis. We characterized standing cis-regulatory variation among 16 wild-derived strains of Drosophila melanogaster. Our experiment's robust biological and technical replication enabled precise estimates of variation in allelic expression on a high-throughput SNP genotyping platform. We observed concordant, significant differential allelic expression (DAE) in 7/10 genes queried with multiple SNPs, and every member of a set of eight additional, one-assay genes suggest significant DAE. Four of the high-confidence, multiple-assay genes harbor three or more statistically distinguishable allelic classes, often at intermediate frequency. Numerous intermediate-frequency, detectable regulatory polymorphisms cast doubt on a model in which cis-acting variation is a product of deleterious mutations of large effect. Comparing our data to predictions of population genetics theory using coalescent simulations, we estimate that a typical gene harbors 7-15 cis-regulatory sites (nucleotides) at which a selectively neutral mutation would elicit an observable expression phenotype. If standing cis-regulatory variation is actually slightly deleterious, the true mutational target size is larger.