Evolution of Fitnesses in Structured Populations With Correlated Environments

The outcome of selection in structured populations with spatially varying selection pressures depends on the interaction of two factors: the level of gene flow and the amount of heterogeneity among the demes. Here we investigate the effect of three different levels of spatial heterogeneity on the levels of genetic polymorphisms for different levels of gene flow, using a construction approach in which a population is constantly bombarded with new mutations. We further compare the relative importance of two kinds of balancing selection (heterozygote advantage and selection arising from spatial heterogeneity), the level of adaptation and the stability of the resulting polymorphic equilibria. The different levels of environmental heterogeneity and gene flow have a large influence on the final level of polymorphism. Both factors also influence the relative importance of the two kinds of balancing selection in the maintenance of variation. In particular, selection arising from spatial heterogeneity does not appear to be an important form of balancing selection for the most homogeneous scenario. The level of adaptation is highest for low levels of gene flow and, at those levels, remarkably similar for the different levels of spatial heterogeneity, whereas for higher levels of gene flow the level of adaptation is substantially reduced.