Imaging methods of the parathyroid glands in primary hyperparathyroidism. Literature review

Primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT) is a common endocrine disease that occurs with multiple profiles in which no classical manifestation. Diagnosis revolves around routine measurement of serum calcium and parathyroid hormone more than in half cases. The understanding of clinical presentation, epidemiology and management tactics of patients with hyperparathyroidism has significantly changed by virtue of the use of biochemical calcium screening. The successful diagnosis and treatment are possible with the cooperation of a multidisciplinary team of endocrinologist, endocrine surgeon, radiologist, nuclear medicine physician and pathomorphologist. The only radical method of treatment is the surgical removal of abnormal parathyroid glands. In this regard, there is necessary to improve the parathyroid glands imaging algorithms. Early treatment of hyperparathyroidism allows to avoid severe damage to the bones, kidneys, heart, other organs, improving the quality of life and reducing the incidence of disability. For a systematic literature review, more than 100 articles published from 2000 to the present time were used, on following resources: PubMed, Embase, SciSearch, Scopus, Cochrane Databases, Research Gate, Google Scholar. Including recommendations from the American Association of Endocrinologists and Endocrine Surgeons (AACE/AAES), European Society of Nuclear Medicine (EANM), European Society ofEndocrinologists (ESE), Russian Association of Endocrinologists (RAE) and several other organizations. The main goal of this review is to summarize and present relevant information and a new look on preoperative imaging techniques, methods of intraoperative navigation, surgery, control quality of treatment in patients with primary hyperparathyroidism.