Vitamin D imbalance effects on dentoalveolar system: a review

Vitamin D is a fat-soluble secosteroid that plays an important role in the human body. There are two main native forms – vitamin D 3 (cholecalciferol) and vitamin D 2 (ergocalciferol). The regulation of calcium-phosphate metabolism and ensuring adequate bone remodeling are the most studied function of vitamin D. In recent years, researchers have found out the «extra-bone» effects of vitamin D and it allows us to be convinced of the great role of this compound. The participation of active forms of vitamin D in the processes of immunomodulation, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, antiproliferative effects and stimulation of cell differentiation are reflected in diseases of the maxillofacial region. In this article, we examined the main functions of vitamin D in the human body, the mechanisms of its action and influence on the occurrence and course of oral diseases. The discovery of the relationship between vitamin D deficiency and the processes of osseointegration, bone remodeling, the severity of chronic recurrent aphthous stomatitis, squamous cell carcinoma and periodontitis allow us to conclude that it is advisable to diagnose vitamin D deficiency in appropriate time and correction its serum level in dental patients.