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The co-infection cases involving dixenous  Leishmania  spp. (mostly of the  L .  donovani  complex) and presumably monoxenous trypanosomatids in immunocompromised mammalian hosts including humans are well documented. The main opportunistic parasite has been identified as  Leptomonas seymouri  of the sub-family Leishmaniinae. The molecular mechanisms allowing a parasite of insects to withstand elevated temperature and substantially different conditions of vertebrate tissues are not understood. Here we demonstrate that  L .  seymouri  is well adapted for the environment of the warm-blooded host. We sequenced the genome and compared the whole transcriptome profiles of this species cultivated at low and high temperatures (mimicking the vector and the vertebrate host, respectively) and identified genes and pathways differentially expressed under these experimental conditions. Moreover,  Leptomonas seymouri  was found to persist for several days in two species of  Phlebotomus  spp. implicated in  Leishmania donovani  transmission. Despite of all these adaptations,  L .  seymouri  remains a predominantly monoxenous species not capable of infecting vertebrate cells under normal conditions.

plos pathogens

Leptomonas seymouri: Adaptations to the Dixenous Life Cycle Analyzed by Genome Sequencing, Transcriptome Profiling and Co-infection with Leishmania donovani