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Retroviral capsid recognition by Trim5 blocks productive infection. Rhesus macaques harbor three functionally distinct  Trim5  alleles:  Trim5α Q  ,  Trim5α TFP   and  Trim5 CypA  . Despite the high degree of amino acid identity between  Trim5α Q   and  Trim5α TFP   alleles, the Q/TFP polymorphism results in the differential restriction of some primate lentiviruses, suggesting these alleles differ in how they engage these capsids. Simian immunodeficiency virus of rhesus macaques (SIVmac) evolved to resist all three alleles. Thus, SIVmac provides a unique opportunity to study a virus in the context of the Trim5 repertoire that drove its evolution in vivo. We exploited the evolved rhesus Trim5α resistance of this capsid to identify gain-of-sensitivity mutations that distinguish targets between the  Trim5α Q   and  Trim5α TFP   alleles. While both alleles recognize the capsid surface,  Trim5α Q   and  Trim5α TFP   alleles differed in their ability to restrict a panel of capsid chimeras and single amino acid substitutions. When mapped onto the structure of the SIVmac239 capsid N-terminal domain, single amino acid substitutions affecting both alleles mapped to the  β -hairpin. Given that none of the substitutions affected Trim5α Q  alone, and the fact that the  β -hairpin is conserved among retroviral capsids, we propose that the  β -hairpin is a molecular pattern widely exploited by Trim5α proteins. Mutations specifically affecting rhesus Trim5α TFP  (without affecting  Trim5α Q  ) surround a site of conservation unique to primate lentiviruses, overlapping the CPSF6 binding site. We believe targeting this site is an evolutionary innovation driven specifically by the emergence of primate lentiviruses in Africa during the last 12 million years. This modularity in targeting may be a general feature of Trim5 evolution, permitting different regions of the PRYSPRY domain to evolve independent interactions with capsid.

plos pathogens

Gain-of-Sensitivity Mutations in a Trim5-Resistant Primary Isolate of Pathogenic SIV Identify Two Independent Conserved Determinants of Trim5α Specificity