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Magnaporthe oryzae  is the causal agent of rice blast disease, a devastating problem worldwide. This fungus has caused breakdown of resistance conferred by newly developed commercial cultivars. To address how the rice blast fungus adapts itself to new resistance genes so quickly, we examined chromosomal locations of  AVR-Pita , a subtelomeric gene family corresponding to the  Pita  resistance gene, in various isolates of  M. oryzae  (including wheat and millet pathogens) and its related species. We found that  AVR-Pita  ( AVR-Pita1  and  AVR-Pita2 ) is highly variable in its genome location, occurring in chromosomes 1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, and supernumerary chromosomes, particularly in rice-infecting isolates. When expressed in  M. oryzae , most of the  AVR-Pita  homologs could elicit  Pita -mediated resistance, even those from non-rice isolates.  AVR-Pita  was flanked by a retrotransposon, which presumably contributed to its multiple translocation across the genome. On the other hand, family member  AVR-Pita3 , which lacks avirulence activity, was stably located on chromosome 7 in a vast majority of isolates. These results suggest that the diversification in genome location of  AVR-Pita  in the rice isolates is a consequence of recognition by  Pita  in rice. We propose a model that the multiple translocation of  AVR-Pita  may be associated with its frequent loss and recovery mediated by its transfer among individuals in asexual populations. This model implies that the high mobility of  AVR-Pita  is a key mechanism accounting for the rapid adaptation toward  Pita . Dynamic adaptation of some fungal plant pathogens may be achieved by deletion and recovery of avirulence genes using a population as a unit of adaptation.

Multiple Translocation of the AVR-Pita Effector Gene among Chromosomes of the Rice Blast Fungus Magnaporthe oryzae and Related Species