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Host defense against the intracellular pathogen  Listeria monocytogenes  ( Lm ) requires innate and adaptive immunity. Here, we directly imaged immune cell dynamics at  Lm  foci established by dendritic cells in the subcapsular red pulp (scDC) using intravital microscopy. Blood borne  Lm  rapidly associated with scDC. Myelomonocytic cells (MMC) swarmed around non-motile scDC forming foci from which blood flow was excluded. The depletion of scDC after foci were established resulted in a 10-fold reduction in viable  Lm , while graded depletion of MMC resulted in 30–1000 fold increase in viable  Lm  in foci with enhanced blood flow. Effector CD8 +  T cells at sites of infection displayed a two-tiered reduction in motility with antigen independent and antigen dependent components, including stable interactions with infected and non-infected scDC. Thus, swarming MMC contribute to control of  Lm  prior to development of T cell immunity by direct killing and sequestration from blood flow, while scDC appear to promote  Lm  survival while preferentially interacting with CD8 +  T cells in effector sites.

Dynamic Imaging of the Effector Immune Response to Listeria Infection In Vivo